Article 53 of the EU AI Act: GPAI Provider Obligations
Article 53 is the core duty set for general-purpose AI (GPAI) model providers — foundation-model and LLM makers. These obligations have applied since 2 August 2025.
What Article 53 requires
GPAI providers must draw up and keep model technical documentation; provide information and documentation to downstream providers who integrate the model; put in place a policy to comply with EU copyright law (including honouring text-and-data-mining opt-outs); and publish a sufficiently detailed summary of the content used for training, using the AI Office template.
Who it binds
Providers of general-purpose AI models. Non-EU providers must appoint an EU authorised representative (Article 54). Models with systemic risk face additional Article 55 duties. Open-source models get partial relief, but not from the copyright-policy or training-data-summary duties.
Key points
- In force since 2 August 2025.
- Four duties: technical docs, downstream info, copyright policy, training-data summary.
- Systemic-risk models add Article 55 duties.
FAQ
What counts as a GPAI model under Article 53?
A model trained on broad data at scale, showing significant generality and able to perform a wide range of tasks — large language models and multimodal foundation models are the clearest examples.
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